In a lecture given in 1884 to the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters Dr. These items, frozen into the drifting ice, included clothing bearing crew members' names and documents signed by De Long they were indisputably genuine. Three years later, relics from Jeannette appeared on the opposite side of the world, in the vicinity of Julianehaab on the southwest coast of Greenland. Her crew escaped in boats and made for the Siberian coast most, including De Long, subsequently perished either during the boat journey or in the wastelands of the Lena River delta. She remained ice-bound for nearly two years, drifting to the area of the New Siberian Islands, before being crushed and sunk on 13 June 1881. De Long, entered the pack ice north of the Bering Strait. In September 1879, Jeannette, an ex- Royal Navy gunboat converted by the US Navy for Arctic exploration, and commanded by George W. Although Nansen retired from exploration after this expedition, the methods of travel and survival he developed with Johansen influenced all the polar expeditions, north and south, which followed in the subsequent three decades.īackground Fridtjof Nansen at the time of his Greenland crossing Fram's drift and Nansen's sledge journey proved conclusively that there were no significant land masses between the Eurasian continents and the North Pole, and confirmed the general character of the north polar region as a deep, ice-covered sea. The scientific observations carried out during this period contributed significantly to the new discipline of oceanography, which subsequently became the main focus of Nansen's scientific work. The ship was rarely threatened during her long imprisonment, and emerged unscathed after three years. Nansen supervised the construction of a vessel with a rounded hull and other features designed to withstand prolonged pressure from ice. Based on this and other debris recovered from the Greenland coast, the meteorologist Henrik Mohn developed a theory of transpolar drift, which led Nansen to believe that a specially designed ship could be frozen in the pack ice and follow the same track as Jeannette wreckage, thus reaching the vicinity of the pole. The wreckage had obviously been carried across the polar ocean, perhaps across the pole itself. The idea for the expedition had arisen after items from the American vessel Jeannette, which had sunk off the north coast of Siberia in 1881, were discovered three years later off the south-west coast of Greenland. Meanwhile, Fram continued to drift westward, finally emerging in the North Atlantic Ocean. They did not reach it, but they achieved a record Farthest North latitude of 86☁3.6′N before a long retreat over ice and water to reach safety in Franz Josef Land. Impatient with the slow speed and erratic character of the drift, after 18 months Nansen and a chosen companion, Hjalmar Johansen, left the ship with a team of Samoyed dogs and sledges and made for the pole. In the face of much discouragement from other polar explorers, Nansen took his ship Fram to the New Siberian Islands in the eastern Arctic Ocean, froze her into the pack ice, and waited for the drift to carry her towards the pole. Nansen's Fram expedition of 1893–1896 was an attempt by the Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen to reach the geographical North Pole by harnessing the natural east–west current of the Arctic Ocean. 1893–1896 attempt by Fridtjof Nansen to reach the North Pole Fram leaves Bergen on 2 July 1893, bound for the Arctic Ocean Period map showing the regions traversed by the expedition
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